Uncommon Yet Consequential Online Harms

A consistent finding from recent research on harmful online behaviors is that they tend to be concentrated among a small number of individuals. Whether examining misinformation (Grinberg et al. 2019; Guess, Nagler, and Tucker Allen 2020), radicalizing or partisan content (Hosseinmardi 2021; Muise 2022), hate speech (Zannettou individuals typically accounts for the vast majority behavior. Despite this statistical infrequency, social consequences such can substantial, especially people targeted by, within networks of, perpetuating them.